Ever since it was first introduced in an article in the Journal of Finance 1952, Harry Markowitz? mean - variance model for portfolio selection has become one of the best known models in finance. The model was one of the first in the world to deal with portfolio optimization mathematically and have directly or indirectly inspired the rest of the world to develop new portfolio optimization methods. Although the model is one of the greatest contributions to modern portfolio theory, critics claim that it may have practical difficulties. Partly because the Markowitz model is based on various assumptions which do not necessarily coincide with the reality.

Prior studies have shown the relationship between capitalised monthly fees and sales price for tenant-owned apartments in Stockholm. However, few studies have been conducted explaining the effects of capitalised monthly fees over time and how it has changed with, for in-stance, increasing sales prices and fluctuating interest rates. The aim of this study is to deter-mine if the effect of capitalised monthly fees on sales prices of tenant-owned apartments has changed between 2006 and 2014, in Vasastan/Norrmalm in Stockholm. The study shows that there are statistically significant results indicating that capitalised effect of monthly fees on sales prices has in fact changed over the studied time period. The results differ with apartment size (number of rooms) and the conclusion is that there is an effect of time on one, two and three bedroom apartments but not for apartments with four bedrooms or more..

Title: Real Estate Brokerage Industry's reputation - a study from a relationship marketing perspectiveLevel: Bachelor thesis in business administrationAuthors: Sanna Soininen & Sofia PulkkinenSupervisor: Jonas KågströmDate: 2013 ? AugustBackground: The background to this investigation was primarily another survey, conducted by Fastighetsbyrån, a Swedish real estate agency. According to the survey, only 5% of the Swedish population claims to have high confidence for realtors. The problem discussion revolves around statistics about how few real estate agents who are notified and receive sanctions each year. We believe that those numbers doesn't make sense when compared to how few people trust realtors, which is where our aim with the study comes from.Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the real estate brokerage industry's reputation by previous research in relationship marketing.Method: The study was conducted with a deductive and for the most part with a positivistic approach.

ABSTRACT Title:                         Lucrative dealsHow service offers and its clients is forms by Optional Framing                 Level:                       Bachelor, Business AdministrationAuthor:                     Gabriel Krogius, Mikaela SörensenSupervisor:              Jonas Kågström, department of economicsDate:                         2013, AugustIntroduction:           That the human mind may be directed by how an offer is designed is not news. However, what is new in the following thesis is whether a person is affected in the case of a service rather than, as previously research, a physical product. Does a person find it harder to separate with something rather than to add an option?Aim:                          The aim for this thesis is to examine how Optional Framing has affection on service offerings/companies, and in this case on real estate brokerage services. Is it, as earlier, when the human can form her own offer, the final price ends up higher when she is about to add options than removing them?Method:                    The thesis emanates to achieve earlier results where the difference in this case is that our thesis is targeting service offerings.

Background: The devolopment in the exchange market has attract a large number of investors. The information flow is extensive and it might be hard to follow the dynamic market. Some investors therefore choose to place their capital in a stock portfolio which is manged by a professional firm with no influence from the capital owner, this management is called discretionary managing. Purpose: the purpose of the thesis is to examine the working methods and the rationality regarding the management of the discretionary portfolios. The purpose is also to try to examine whether there is a relation between the selected risk, return and fees.

ABSTRACT Titel: Den svenska mäklartjänsten är inte dyr ? en jämförelse med England och Holland Nivå: C-uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Veronica Sandström och Matilda Edin Handledare: Tommy Gerdemark Datum: 2011 ? 03 Syfte: Allmänheten har idag en övervägande negativ bild av den svenska mäklarkåren. Mäklarens arvode i form av provision är uppenbart en av orsakerna till det dåliga ryktet. Syftet med denna uppsats är utifrån detta att öka förståelsen för den svenska mäklartjänstens innehåll och värde. Ytterst vill vi genom att informera stärka branschens rykte och ändra allmänhetens uppfattning om fastighetsmäklare.

The purpose of this study was to get an idea of ??how the leaders in the real estate industry perceive and manage boundless working conditions. Questions that were answered were how the leaders in the service influence and control the employees' working conditions. Also how the communication strategies are designed to facilitate the work towards common goals, when tasks are not limited to the workplace. The study examine if boundless working conditions is characterized by unspoken expectations.

The theme of this essay is the principle of free access to the Swedish Public Libraries, and its aim is to fmd out the opinion of adult visitors of such libraries as regards the introduction of fees on the borrowing of books, already existing fees such as reservation fees, charges for interlibrary loans and charges for the late return of books.The main part of our survey comprises questionnaires that were handed out to 100 visitors at the Norrkoping City Library and 100 visitors at the Eskilstuna City and Provincial Library. In order to illustrate the fee problem from another angle, interviews with staff people from the two libraries were carried out A large part of the essay consists of material aiming to give a general picture of the subject, e.g. how the "free of charge principle" is tied to the Swedish library system, what arguments have been presented to maintain or reverse this principle, and a comparison of the relative situation in other countries. As the conception of popular education is so basic for the "free of charge principle", we also account for the idea of popular education.The result of our questionnaire shows, among other things, that 60,9% cannot consider paying for any of the free services offer by the libraries today, 21,3% answered that they could possibly consider paying for some of the services and 17,8% answered that they didn't know. 76% would rather pay for a library card than stop borrowing books altogether..

Title: "The proper real estate agent"- a paper on expectations for new real estate agent's first impression. Level: Bachelor of Science in Business Administration Author: Jennifer Alm Supervisor: Jonas Kågström Date: 2011? June Aim: The purpose of this paper is to analyze how hiring managers in the real estate broker understand the jobseeker during interviews. This analysis is based on the recruiters description of the first impression and the non-verbal communication in comparison with relevant theory. Method: I began my research by studying scientific articles to obtain great knowledge of the subject and write my theory chapter.

Title: "The proper real estate agent"- a paper on expectations for new real estate agent's first impression. Level: Bachelor of Science in Business Administration Author: Jennifer Alm Supervisor: Jonas Kågström Date: 2011? June Aim: The purpose of this paper is to analyze how hiring managers in the real estate broker understand the jobseeker during interviews. This analysis is based on the recruiters description of the first impression and the non-verbal communication in comparison with relevant theory. Method: I began my research by studying scientific articles to obtain great knowledge of the subject and write my theory chapter.

The Swedish Tax Agency is a government authority whose mission is to collect taxes and fees for financing the public sector and welfare in Sweden. Under the last decade the tax gap in Sweden has been constant and small businesses with a max turnover of 25 millions Swedish crowns are the biggest group in the tax gap. In the government inquiry about abolishment of statutory audit for small businesses (2008) there has been laid some proposals that the Swedish Tax Agency should get new control tools and increased rights to control small businesses tax accounts. In the science some controversies exists about tax authority?s ability to get taxpayers to pay taxes and fees to the society through using deterrence and compellence control methods versus more service? This ground has guided us to our presentation of a problem: ?How the Swedish Tax Agency works with influencing small businesses behaviour through preventive actions and controls?? The purpose of this study is to research and understand how the Swedish Tax Agency works in their control activities to influence small businesses behaviours regarding taxes and fees.

In 1994 the EU directive of packaging waste was adopted. The result was that all EU member states developed different systems to manage packaging waste and recycling. This paper examines the various systems and the factors that affect the level of recycling. This is done by a cross-sectional study between countries. The results of my study suggest that take-back system generates less recycling than other systems, the mandatory deposit system can affect the recycling in a positive way.

Trading financial securities at stock exchanges and other authorized market places is today a particularly important socioeconomic phenomenon in many industrialized countries. A well functioning securities market is crucial for the economic development in these countries. The modern trading with stocks and other financial securities is characterized by the fact that the majority of the transactions at the stock exchanges are carried out through various intermediaries. The ultimate counterparties that are involved in a securities transaction (the seller and the buyer) are often unknown to each other. The anonymity in the securities trading implies several interesting legal problems.

Redan i samband med Kreugerkraschen i början av 1930-talet började man ifrågasätta och ställa krav på revisorers oberoende. Problematiken kring revisorers oberoende är än idag en högst aktuell fråga. Effekten av en revisor som inte förhåller sig oberoende kan vara att företagets intressenter förses med information som inte är rättvisande. Bakomliggande faktorer som kan påverka revisorers oberoende är revisionsbyråns arvoden och klientföretagets storlek. I denna studie kartlägger vi andelen orena revisionsberättelser och going concern-varningar hos företag som gått i konkurs.

Title: The Investment Savings Account ? Standard Taxation ? Right in TimeAuthors: Gustav Mårtensson and Erica Nordström LöfSupervisor: Göran HäggBackground: In order to facilitate and stimulate financial investments among privateinvestors the organization Aktiespararna made a proposal for a standard-taxed account. As aresult of this, the Swedish government decided to implement the Investment Savings Accountin January of 2012. The introduction of the Investment Savings Account implies that there arenow three different types of accounts for financial investments that are differently taxed onthe Swedish Market. Private investors can improve their after-tax results by combining AssetAllocation and Asset Location, according to earlier studies.